List of abbreviations and acronyms
A separate glossary of technical definitions is also included at the end of the book.
CAPS: Collective Awareness Platforms
CEO: Chief Executive Officer
CIA: Central Intelligence Agency (United States of America)
CNNum: Conseil national du numérique (French Digital Council)
CTO: Chief Technology Officer
DNS: Domain Name System
DRM: Digital Rights Management
e2e: End-to-end
ECMA: European Computer Manufacturers Association
EDRi: European Digital Rights (organisation)
EFF: Electronic Frontier Foundation
ENISA: European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (maintained original acronym)
ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute
EU: European Union
FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation (United States of America)
FOSS or F/OSS: Free and Open-Source Software
FSB: Federal Security Service (Russian Federation)
GIF: Graphics Interchange Format
GitHub and GitLab: Platforms for collaboration between developers
GAIM (now Pidgin): F/OSS Instant Messaging client
GCM: Google Cloud Messaging
GDPR: General Data Protection Regulation
GNU/Linux: Free software operating system
GPG (GnuPG) GNU: Privacy Guard (free-software replacement for PGP)
GPL: General Public License
HADOPI: Haute Autorité pour la Diffusion des Œuvres et la Protection des droits d’auteur sur Internet
HTML: HyperText Markup Language
I2P: Invisible Internet Project
IANA: Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
ICANN: Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
ICTs: information and Communication Technologies
ID: Identifier
IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
IG: Internet Governance
IM: Instant Messaging
IMAP: Internet Message Access Protocol
iOS: Mobile operating system developed by Apple, Inc.
IP: Internet Protocol
IRC: Internet Relay Chat
IRL: In Real Life
IRTF: Internet Research Task Force
ISO: International Standardization Organization
ISP: Internet Service Provider
ITU: International Telecommunications Union
LEAP: Encryption access project
MENA: Middle East and North Africa (region)
MIT: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MTS: Telephone company, Russian Federation
MUAs: Mail User Agents
NEXTLEAP: NEXT-generation Techno-Social and Legal Encryption, Access and Privacy (H2020 project)
NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology (United States of America)
NGO: Non-Governmental Organisation
NSA: National Security Agency (United States of America)
OMEMO: Multi-End Message and Object Encryption (recursive acronym)
OpenPGP: Open implementation of PGP
Opsec: Operational Security
OTR: Off-the-Record Messaging (see Glossary)
OWS: Open Whisper Systems
PGP: Pretty Good Privacy (see Glossary)
p2p: Peer-to-peer (system; see Glossary)
PRISM: Code name for NSA surveillance program begun in 2007
QR-code: Quick Response code
RfC: Request for Comments (IETF)
RightsCon: Summit on Human Rights in the digital age
RSA: Public-key encryption technology developed by RSA Data Security, Inc.
SD: Secure Digital
S/MIME: Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (cryptography norm)
SMS: Secure Messaging Scorecard
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNI: Server Name Indication
STS: Science and Technology Studies
TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
TLS: Transport Layer Security
Tor or TOR: The Onion Router
UC: University of California
UDHR: Universal Declaration of Human Rights
UI/UX: User Experience and User Interface
UN: United Nations
UNICEF: United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
USA: United States of America
USB: Universal Serial Bus (industry standard)
VPN: Virtual Private Network
W3C: World Wide Web Consortium
XMPP: Extensible Message and Presence Protocol
XML: Extensible Markup Language